Well-being variations on students of health sciences related to their learning opportunities, resources, and daily activities in an online and on-crisis context: a survey-based study.

BACKGROUND: Universities' training process intensely relies on face-to-face education. The COVID-19 pandemic interrupted it and forced them to reinvent their process online. But this crisis seems not to be the last we will face, and we take it as a lesson to prepare for future crises. These critical contexts are especially challenging because they imply changing teaching strategies, and students may not have the technology access or the living conditions to connect as they need. They also lived through a pandemic where the virus and the life changes added stress to their learning process and threatened their well-being. So, this study aims to analyze how well-being variations reported by Health sciences students relate to their learning opportunities, access conditions, and daily activities. METHOD: We surveyed 910 Health sciences students from six different Chilean universities at the end of the first semester of 2020, the first in pandemic conditions. Respondents answered online questionnaires about 1) Remote teaching activities, 2) Learning resources availability, 3) Daily life activities, and 4) Well-being changes. We performed descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modelling. RESULTS: Live videoconference classes were the most frequent teaching activity; only a third of the students had quiet spaces to study online, and most had to housekeep daily. More than two third reported some well-being deterioration. The structural equation model showed a good fit. CONCLUSION: Results show an online learning scenario that tries to emulate traditional learning focusing on expositive strategies. Most students reported that their well-being deteriorated during the semester, but tutorials, workplace availability, and social support were protective factors.

[Relationship between occupational commitment and teaching practices among healthcare teachers]. / ¿Enseña diferente un docente comprometido? Relación entre compromiso docente y prácticas pedagógicas en académicos de carreras de la salud.

BACKGROUND: A central aspect of professional identity is occupational commitment, which has a significant relationship with motivation and positive mental states in healthcare environments. However, it is not clear how occupational commitment is related to teaching practices in universities. AIM: To apply the Occupational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) to university teachers and relate its results with the Teaching Practices Questionnaire. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OCQ and Teaching Practices Questionnaire were answered by 319 university teachers from 13 Chilean regions, who were selected through a non-probabilistic volunteer sampling. Data collection was done after informed consent. An exploratory factor analysis was performed for OCQ. The internal consistency of each factor was calculated with Cronbach's Alpha. Spearman correlations were used to explore the relationship between the two questionnaires. RESULTS: Two factors were identified in OCQ, namely Teacher Commitment and Ethical-Professional Commitment. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.85 for both factors. A moderate direct relationship between teacher commitment, ethical-professional commitment, and the Teaching Practices Questionnaire was found. CONCLUSIONS: OCQ showed an adequate internal consistency, and it was directly related with teaching practices. Committed teachers had better teaching practices. This confirms the importance of teachers' values and perceptions on their professional performance.

[Students' perception about mistreatment in undergraduate medical training]. / Maltrato en el pregrado de la carrera de Medicina: percepción de los estudiantes.

BACKGROUND: Alarms about mistreatment in medical education have been raised for almost 30 years. AIM: To describe the frequency of abuse reports among medical students at a university in Chile, investigating their association with age, sex, and educational level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Mistreatment by Teachers Questionnaire was applied to 264 first to seventh year medical students (54% males). An exploratory factorial analysis of the instrument was performed, a descriptive analysis was made and its relationship with age, sex and level of training were evaluated. RESULTS: Ninety eight percent of respondents reported having been mistreated at least once. Mistreatment was grouped into three factors with a confidence ranging between α = 0.79 and 0.93, namely demoralization, deregulated demands and physical aggression. The first two were associated with age and level of education. There were no differences by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Mistreatment is common in undergraduate medical education, as it has been found in other universities around the world.

Maltrato en el pregrado de la carrera de Medicina: percepción de los estudiantes / Students' perception about mistreatment in undergraduate medical training

Background: Alarms about mistreatment in medical education have been raised for almost 30 years. Aim: To describe the frequency of abuse reports among medical students at a university in Chile, investigating their association with age, sex, and educational level. Material and Methods: The Mistreatment by Teachers Questionnaire was applied to 264 first to seventh year medical students (54% males). An exploratory factorial analysis of the instrument was performed, a descriptive analysis was made and its relationship with age, sex and level of training were evaluated. Results: Ninety eight percent of respondents reported having been mistreated at least once. Mistreatment was grouped into three factors with a confidence ranging between α = 0.79 and 0.93, namely demoralization, deregulated demands and physical aggression. The first two were associated with age and level of education. There were no differences by sex. Conclusions: Mistreatment is common in undergraduate medical education, as it has been found in other universities around the world.

Cuestionario de percepción de la formación pedagógica: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en académicos de la salud chilenos / Perception about teaching training process questionnaire: factor structure and reliability in chilean health faculties

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para evaluar la percepción de los docentes universitarios sobre las capacitaciones pedagógicas en las que participan. Esta evaluación se realiza considerando las características propias de una capacitación exitosa que facilite la transferencia al aula de lo aprendido. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, psicométrico, transversal. Respondieron el cuestionario de percepción de la formación pedagógica (CPFP) más un cuestionario sociodemográfico, previo consentimiento informado, 117 docentes de grado del área de la salud, elegidos por muestreo no probabilístico por accesibilidad. Se realizó un juicio de experto del cuestionario antes de la aplicación, y después de ésta se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio. RESULTADOS: El índice de validez del contenido del cuestionario fue aceptable. Según el análisis factorial exploratorio, los 42 ítems del CPFP se organizaron en cuatro factores: promoción de la reflexión docente, aprendizaje en redes funcionales, aprendizaje adaptado a las necesidades del docente y aprendizaje activo. Sus confiabilidades fluctuaron entre alfa = 0,68 y alfa = 0,951. CONCLUSIONES: El CPFP presenta evidencia a favor de su validez de contenido y de su validez de constructo. Asimismo, tres de sus factores presentan confiabilidades buenas o excelentes, con un factor con confiabilidad cuestionable que requeriría una mayor revisión

INTRODUCTION: The present study analyzes the psychometric properties of an instrument to assess university teachers' perceptions about pedagogical training in which they participate. This evaluation is carried out considering the successful training process' characteristics that facilitate learning transference to their classroom activities. Subjects and methods: Quantitative, psychometric, cross-sectional study was performed. 117 undergraduate teachers from health area degrees, chosen by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, answered Pedagogical Training Perception Questionnaire (CPFP) plus a sociodemographic questionnaire, with prior informed consent. The expert judgment of this questionnaire was performed before the survey. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE) was performed after it. RESULTS: The questionnaire's Content Validity Index was acceptable. According to the AFE, their 42 items were organized into four factors: Promotion of teacher reflection, Learning in functional networks, Learning adapted to the needs of the teacher and Active learning. Their reliabilities fluctuated between α=0.680 and α=0.951. CONCLUSIONS: The CPFP presents evidence in favor of its content validity and its construct validity. Likewise, three of its factors present good or excellent reliability, with a factor with questionable reliability that would require further revision

¿Enseña diferente un docente comprometido? Relación entre compromiso docente y prácticas pedagógicas en académicos de carreras de la salud / Relationship between occupational commitment and teaching practices among healthcare teachers

Background: A central aspect of professional identity is occupational commitment, which has a significant relationship with motivation and positive mental states in healthcare environments. However, it is not clear how occupational commitment is related to teaching practices in universities. Aim: To apply the Occupational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) to university teachers and relate its results with the Teaching Practices Questionnaire. Material and Methods: OCQ and Teaching Practices Questionnaire were answered by 319 university teachers from 13 Chilean regions, who were selected through a non-probabilistic volunteer sampling. Data collection was done after informed consent. An exploratory factor analysis was performed for OCQ. The internal consistency of each factor was calculated with Cronbach's Alpha. Spearman correlations were used to explore the relationship between the two questionnaires. Results: Two factors were identified in OCQ, namely Teacher Commitment and Ethical-Professional Commitment. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.85 for both factors. A moderate direct relationship between teacher commitment, ethical-professional commitment, and the Teaching Practices Questionnaire was found. Conclusions: OCQ showed an adequate internal consistency, and it was directly related with teaching practices. Committed teachers had better teaching practices. This confirms the importance of teachers' values and perceptions on their professional performance.

Cuestionario de satisfacción con las capacitaciones pedagógicas: estructura factorial y fiabilidad en docentes de la salud chilenos / Satisfaction about teaching training activities questionnaire: factor structure and reliability in Chilean health faculties

INTRODUCCIÓN: La satisfacción académica se ha examinado ampliamente en estudiantes universitarios, pero hay poca evidencia de la satisfacción de los docentes con las capacitaciones en las que participan. El presente estudio propone un cuestionario de satisfacción con las capacitaciones pedagógicas, y analiza la evidencia de su validez y fiabilidad. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se encuestó a 113 docentes de programas de grado de la salud, que respondieron el cuestionario de satisfacción con las capacitaciones pedagógicas, previo consentimiento informado. Se evaluó la validez de contenido del cuestionario y se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para analizar su validez de constructo. Además, se evaluó su fiabilidad. RESULTADOS: El análisis de validez de contenido dejó 11 de los 15 ítems propuestos originalmente. El análisis factorial identificó un único factor en el que se reunían los 11 ítems (alfa de Cronbach = 0,954). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados muestran evidencia a favor de la validez y la fiabilidad del cuestionario como una medición de satisfacción global con las capacitaciones pedagógicas

INTRODUCTION: Academic satisfaction has been widely studied among university students, but there is little evidence of how teacher's satisfaction with training where they participate. The present study proposes the Pedagogical Training Satisfaction Questionnaire and analyzes evidence of its validity and reliability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 113 teachers of health degree programs were surveyed. They answered the Pedagogical Training Satisfaction Questionnaire, with prior informed consent. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated, and an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to analyze its construct validity. In addition, its reliability was evaluated. RESULTS: The content validity analysis left 11 of 15 originally proposed items. The factorial analysis identified a single factor in which the 11 items were included (Cronbach's alpha = 0.954). CONCLUSION: Results show evidence in favor of the validity and reliability of the questionnaire as a measure of global satisfaction with pedagogical training

¿Qué hacen los académicos de ciencias de la salud para definir los propósitos de su docencia de pregrado? / How do health sciences faculties define undergraduate teaching purposes?

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los procesos de planificación del aprendizaje son altamente complejos, tanto para estudiantes como para docentes. Para decidir qué hacer en el aula, los docentes deben considerar el perfil de egreso de la carrera y los programas de la asignatura, pero no está claro cómo finalmente definen sus propósitos antes de realizar una clase. OBJETIVO: Analizar el proceso de definición de propósitos desde los cuales el docente planifica las actividades de enseñanza de programas de pregrado de la salud. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, según la teoría fundamentada. Se entrevistó a cuatro expertos en educación médica y a 25 docentes, previo consentimiento informado. Para el análisis se realizó codificación axial. RESULTADOS: Los propósitos de los docentes suelen expresarse en términos afines al modelo por competencias y están arraigados en la concepción de 'qué se suele enseñar', afectado por lo establecido formalmente en el plan de estudios. Su operacionalización está fuertemente influida por las concepciones personales y profesionales y las experiencias del académico. Para el docente, esto aumenta la relevancia de su labor, aunque ello signifique un menor seguimiento de las directrices definidas por su universidad. CONCLUSIÓN: El docente ejerce un rol activo en la definición de los propósitos de enseñanza, lo que es coherente con lo esperado por un docente reflexivo. Sin embargo, queda abierta la discusión de cómo los problemas en la definición de los planes de estudio formales lo llevan a realizar frecuentes adaptaciones personales

INTRODUCTION: Learning processes planning is highly complex, both for students and teachers. Prior to decide what to do in the classroom, teachers should consider graduate profile and courses programs. But it is unclear how they finally define their purposes before taking a class. AIM: To analyze the process of purposes definition that underlies teaching activities election for undergraduate health programs. Subjects and methods.Qualitative study, according to the grounded theory. Four experts in medical education and 25 teachers were interviewed, prior informed consent. For data analysis, axial coding was performed. RESULTS: Teachers' purposes are usually expressed in terms related to competency model. They are rooted in the conception of 'what is usually taught'. It is also affected by what is formally established in the curriculum. But its operationalization is strongly affected by personal and professional conceptions and teachers' experiences. For teachers, this increases the relevance of their work, although the guidelines defined by his university are less used. CONCLUSION: Teachers showed an active role in teaching purposes definition, which is consistent with what is expected by a reflexive teacher. However, the discussion of what problems in formal curricula leads him to make frequent personal adaptations remains open

Cuestionario de atributos del docente: evidencias de validez y fiabilidad en carreras de la salud / Questionnaire about teacher attributes: evidences of its validity and reliability in health degrees

Introducción: La docencia universitaria es un fenómeno central para comprender los procesos de educación superior, y aunque los aspectos humanos, actitudinales o de personalidad del docente suelen aparecer en occidente como características centrales de un buen docente, no se dispone de instrumentos que permitan evaluar estos atributos personales de los académicos. Objetivo: Presentar la elaboración del cuestionario de atributos del docente (CAD) y la evaluación de la validez y fiabilidad de sus puntuaciones en alumnos universitarios de Chile. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal. Participaron 595 estudiantes, provenientes de seis diferentes carreras de la salud y de tres universidades de Chile, quienes respondieron el CAD más un cuestionario sociodemográfico, previo consentimiento informado. Para evaluar la validez del instrumento se empleó un análisis factorial exploratorio, y para evaluar su fiabilidad, el alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial permitió identificar dos factores: atributos personales del docente (alpha = 0,98) y atributos formales del docente (alpha = 0,60). Ambos presentaron una correlación directa estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: El presente estudio muestra evidencia a favor de la validez y fiabilidad del CAD como una herramienta para medir de forma diferenciada los atributos personales y formales del docente, aunque se requiere profundizar en la validez del proceso de respuesta y mejorar la fiabilidad del factor de atributos formales del docente

Introduction: University teaching is central to understand higher education processes. Although human, attitudinal or personality aspects of teachers usually appear in West as central characteristics of a good teacher, there are no instruments to measure these personal attributes of faculties. Aim: To present making process of Teacher Attributes Questionnaire (TAQ) and the evaluation of validity and reliability of its scores when it is applied in university students in Chile. Subjects and methods: A quantitative, non-experimental and cross-sectional study was carried out. 595 students from six different health degrees and three universities in Chile participated in this study. They answered the TAQ plus a socio-demographic questionnaire, with prior informed consent. To evaluate validity of TAQ, an exploratory factor analysis was used. To assess its reliability, Cronbach's alpha was carried out. Results: Factor analysis identified two factors: teacher personal attributes (Cronbach's alpha = 0.98) and teacher formal attributes (Cronbach's alpha = 0.60). Both were statistically correlated. Conclusions: Present study shows evidence that support validity and reliability of TAQ as a tool to measure in a differentiated way the personal and formal attributes of teachers, although it is necessary to deepen the response validity process and improve reliability of formal teacher attributes factor

Satisfacción académica y prácticas pedagógicas percibidas por estudiantes de salud de Chile / Academic satisfaction and teaching practices perceived by Chilean health degrees students

Introducción: Las prácticas pedagógicas siguen siendo un fenómeno poco investigado, pese a su relevancia para la calidad de la formación universitaria. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las prácticas pedagógicas percibidas por estudiantes de programas de grado en salud de una universidad de Chile y su satisfacción académica. Sujetos y métodos: Se encuestó a 649 estudiantes de la salud de una universidad chilena, quienes respondieron el cuestionario de satisfacción académica y el cuestionario de prácticas pedagógicas percibidas por estudiantes, previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los alumnos percibieron prácticas pedagógicas más tradicionales, planificadas y menos centradas en el estudiante. Además, las prácticas pedagógicas percibidas, junto con el nivel cursado, la titulación, el sexo y la edad del alumno, predicen un 37,19% de la satisfacción académica. Conclusión: La satisfacción académica varía según la titulación y los niveles formativos cursados por el alumno, se asocia a su sexo y es favorecido por prácticas pedagógicas constructivistas

Introduction: Teaching practices are still a little investigated phenomenon, despite its relevance for the quality of higher education. Aim: To analyze the relationship between teaching practices perceived by Chilean health degree students and their academic satisfaction. Subjects and methods: 649 health students from a university in Chile were surveyed. They answered the Academic Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Teaching Practices Perceived by Students Questionnaire, after an informed consent process. Results: Students perceived more traditional, more planned and less student-centered teaching practices. In addition, perceived teaching practices and student information, such as training moment, degree, sex and age predicted 37.19% of the academic satisfaction. Conclusion: Academic satisfaction varies according to degree and educational levels completed by the student. It is also associated to their sex and is enhanced by constructivist pedagogical practices

Escala de experiencia de ostracismo para adolescentes: propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes de carreras de la salud / Ostracism experience scale for adolescents: psichometric properties in chilean health sciences students

RESUMEN Introducción: El ostracismo, forma de violencia social, puede afectar psicológica y académicamente a los es tudiantes de carreras de la salud. Empero, no existen herramientas válidas para medirla en población chilena. Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura factorial y confiabilidad de la Escala de Experiencia de Ostracismo para Adolescentes (OES-A, por su sigla en inglés) en estudiantes de carreras de la salud chilenos. Material y método: 322 estudiantes de seis carreras de la salud respondieron la Escala de Experiencia de Ostracismo para Adolescentes y un cuestionario sociodemográfico, previo consentimiento informado. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio del cuestionario y se evaluó su consistencia interna. Resultados: Se identificó dos factores: excluido e ignorado, presentando todos sus ítems cargas significativas en un único factor. Sus confiabilidades fueron altas y la correlación entre factores fue directa. Conclusión: Se aporta evidencia a favor de la validez y confiabilidad de la OES-A para evaluar ostracismo en estudiantes de carreras de la salud de Chile.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ostracism, a kind of social violence, could affect the psychological and academic performance of Health students. Nonetheless, there is no validated tool to assess this variable in the Chilean population. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of Ostracism Experiences Scale for Adolescents (OES-A) in health sciences students. Method: 322 students from six different health sciences university programs were chosen by a quote sampling method. After an informed consent was signed, they were surveyed and they answered the OES-A and a sociodemographic questionnaire. An exploratory factorial analysis of OES-A was performed and its internal consistency was assessed. Results: Outcomes are consistent with a factorial structure of two factors: excluded and ignored, with items having significant loadings in one single factor. Reliability was high for both these factors. These factors showed direct and significant correlation. Conclusion: Evidence supports the validity and reliability of OES-A as a tool to assess Ostracism in students of health sciences.